We also review the underlying mechanisms of action of ketosis.
Here, we review evidence for nutritional ketosis as a potential means to reduce withdrawal and alcohol craving. In individuals with AUD, abstinence from alcohol often precipitates withdrawal symptoms than can be life threatening. In summary, these studies provide evidence that appetite-regulatory peptides modulate reward and addiction processes, and deserve to be investigated as potential treatment target for addiction.Īlcohol use disorder (AUD) is a chronic, relapsing brain disorder, characterized by compulsive alcohol seeking and disrupted brain function. Further studies should explore the mechanisms modulating the ability of appetite-regulatory peptides to reduce addiction, and the effects of combination therapies or different diets on substance use are warranted. Genetic studies and experimental clinical studies further support the associations between ghrelin and addiction processes. Moreover, ghrelin enhances, whereas pharmacological or genetic suppression of the ghrelin receptor attenuates the responses to various addictive drugs. Ghrelin has been shown to activate reward-related behaviors. Also, the amylin pathway modulates the acute and chronic behavioral responses to addictive drugs. Genetic variation of the GLP-1 system is associated with alcohol use disorder. Short or long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonists independently attenuate the acute rewarding properties of addictive drugs or reduce the chronic aspects of drugs. Findings from preclinical, genetic, and experimental clinical studies exploring the association between appetite-regulatory peptides and the acute or chronic effects of addictive drugs will be introduced. This overview will summarize more recent physiological aspects of these peptides, demonstrating that they modulate various aspects of addiction processes. Appetite regulation is complex and involves anorexigenic hormones such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and amylin, and orexigenic peptides like ghrelin and all are well-known for their effects on feeding behaviors. There is a substantial need for new pharmacological treatments of addiction, and appetite-regulatory peptides are implied as possible candidates. It will not only be helpful in controlling the SUD, but also be beneficial for patient’s health.KeywordsSubstance-use disorderNutritionMalnutritionReward pathwayHormonesDietary intervention Furthermore, alteration in dopaminergic and other brain pathways can also be considered via dietary intervention. Therefore, in the recovery programs, planned nutrition can aid faster recovery and reduce the chances of food addiction and SUD relapse.
Hence, biopsychology of appetite and SUD can help to understand the causes of malnutrition. During recovery, addiction transfer is a challenge in which patients start to crave for sweet food, which is also a cause of undernutrition and obesity. Moreover, craving for substances is altered by nutritional requirements, and the deprivation of food has shown to reduce the threshold for activation of reward pathways, which impedes recovery from SUD. Amino acid deficiency compromises the synthesis of neurotransmitters, which further exacerbates drug-seeking behavior.
Micronutrient deficiency is reported in many of SUDs. Furthermore, alterations in the absorption, utilization, metabolism, storage, distribution, and excretion of nutrients are responsible for nutritional deficiency. Hormonal alteration in SUD is the cause of low appetite and change in eating patterns, which leads to malnutrition. The nutritional status of individuals in SUD needs to be properly addressed as it is responsible to cause malnutrition and making recovery more difficult. Substance users are mostly considered at high risk of nutritional deficiency, but most of the treatment centers do not provide any nutritional guide. Substance-use disorder (SUD) has become a global cause of morbidity and mortality and has an impact on general mental health.